The challenges of managing rheumatic disease of the mitral valve in Jamaica.

Between January, 2009 and December, 2013, 84 patients were identified who underwent isolated mitral valve surgery in Jamaica at The University Hospital of the West Indies and The Bustamante Hospital for Children. The most common pathology requiring surgery was rheumatic heart disease, accounting for 84% of the procedures performed. The majority of patients had regurgitation of the mitral valve (67%), stenosis of the mitral valve (22%), and mixed mitral valve disease (11%). The most common procedure performed was replacement of the mitral valve (69%), followed by mitral valve repair (29%). Among the patients, one underwent closed mitral commissurotomy. The choice of procedure differed between age groups. In the paediatric population (<18 years of age), the majority of patients underwent repair of the mitral valve (89%). In the adult population (18 years and above), the majority of patients underwent mitral valve replacement (93%). Overall, of all the patients undergoing replacement of the mitral valve, 89% received a mechanical valve prosthesis, whereas 11% received a bioprosthetic valve prosthesis. Of the group of patients who underwent mitral valve repair for rheumatic heart disease, 19% required re-operation. The average time between initial surgery and re-operation was 1.2 years. Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease remain significant public health challenges in Jamaica and other developing countries. Focus must remain on primary and secondary prevention strategies in order to limit the burden of rheumatic valvulopathies. Attention should also be directed towards improving access to surgical treatment for young adults.

Temporal pattern of transfusion and its relation to rejection after lung transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Blood transfusion has been shown to impact rejection after renal and cardiac transplantation, but it has not been studied after lung transplantation (LTx). In this study we assess: (1) patterns of transfusion, and (2) temporal interrelationships with histologic evidence of rejection. METHODS: From July 1998 to January 2006, 326 of 331 patients undergoing LTx had available for study both time-related post-operative blood transfusion data and their series of transbronchial biopsy evaluations of perivascular rejection grade (Grades A0 to A4). Longitudinal temporal decomposition for ordinal variables was used to characterize prevalence of rejection grade and simultaneously assess the influence of (a) red blood cell (RBC), (b) platelet and (c) plasma administration. RESULTS: Although peri-operative transfusion was common, transfusions continued at a low, steady rate throughout the life of LTx patients; patients received a total of 2,841 RBC units through follow-up. Immediately after LTx, the prevalence of Grade A0 rejection was 51%, and this increased to 84% by 6 months. RBC transfusion between biopsies was associated with lower histologic grade of rejection (70%, 73% and 77% with Grade A0 for 0, 1 and 12 units, respectively; p = 0.009), and this was particularly evident early after LTx. Histologic grade was not influenced by platelets or plasma. CONCLUSIONS: Transfusion requirements are high and continue throughout life after LTx; causes and effective treatment of persistent anemia should be sought. RBC transfusion appears to have an immunosuppressive effect, particularly early after transplant.

Revisiting the dome approach for partial sternotomy/minimally invasive mitral valve surgery.

BACKGROUND: When partial upper sternotomy is used for minimal access mitral valve surgery, the valve is usually approached through an extended transseptal incision. Limiting the left atrial incision to the dome offers adequate visualization of the mitral valve for standard repairs or replacement. We describe the surgical technique and early experience with this dome approach. METHODS: Forty-two patients had minimally invasive mitral valve surgery through partial upper sternotomy and incision in the left atrial dome. Surgical technique, operative findings, echocardiographic results, and complications are reported. RESULTS: In all cases, the operation was completed without extending the sternotomy or atrial incision. Thirty patients (71%) underwent valve repair and 12 (29%) valve replacement. Repair techniques included ring anuloplasty, quadrangular posterior leaflet resection with or without sliding repair, commissural closure, and Alfieri repair. One patient had post-repair severe systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral leaflet and underwent valve replacement. Thirty-nine had no or trivial mitral regurgitation and no systolic anterior motion; 3 had 1+ mitral regurgitation after repair. Six had concomitant aortic or tricuspid valve repair/replacement. There were no operative deaths. Two patients underwent reoperation for bleeding. Seven (17%) had postoperative bradycardia requiring temporary pacing, and 1 (2.4%) required permanent pacemaker insertion. CONCLUSIONS: Combined with partial upper sternotomy, the left atrial dome incision offers adequate exposure of the mitral valve for standard procedures. This approach rarely divides the sinus node artery and is easy and fast to use.

Is FDG-PET indicated for superficial esophageal cancer?

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain whether fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography is indicated for clinical staging of superficial cancer, we sought to determine if it accurately classifies tumor (T), regional nodal (N), and distant metastases (M), including distinguishing high-grade dysplasia (Tis) from invasive cancer (T1). METHODS: Fifty-eight superficial esophageal cancer patients had preoperative positron emission tomography, 53 (91%) fused with computed tomography. Tumor characteristics, esophagoscopy findings, and pTNM were compared with positron emission tomography cTNM. pT1 was subdivided into intramucosal cancers with lamina propria or muscularis mucosa invasion and submucosal cancers with inner or outer invasion. RESULTS: Fluorodeoxyglucose uptake increased with pT, from 5/11 (45%) for pTis to 11/16 (69%) for pT1 (outer submucosa), P=0.07, as it did for standardized uptake value, median 0 for pTis to 2.7 for pT1 (outer submucosa), P=0.06. Positron emission tomography could not differentiate Tis (5/11, 45%) from T1 (26/47, 55%; P=0.03). Regional nodal fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in three patients (standardized uptake value 2.8, 4.9, 11) was false positive; in six pN1 patients, it was false negative. Positron emission tomography had 0% sensitivity and positive predictive value for N1. There were no distant metastases; one patient developed a pulmonary metastasis 15 months postoperatively. Positron emission tomography detected three (5%) distant hypermetabolic sites, all synchronous tumors (papillary thyroid cancer, adrenal pheochromocytoma, rectal adenoma). Only increasing tumor length was related to greater fluorodeoxyglucose uptake (P=0.004) and higher standardized uptake value (P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Because positron emission tomography can neither differentiate pTis from T1 nor classify T, N, and M, it is not indicated in staging superficial esophageal cancer. Finding a synchronous primary tumor in approximately every 20th patient is its only benefit. Better, less expensive screening tools are available for common synchronous malignancies.

A high fidelity tissue-based cardiac surgical simulator.

OBJECTIVE: Issues concerning the training and certification of surgical specialists have taken on great significance in the last decade. A realistic computer-assisted, tissue-based simulator developed for use in the training of cardiac surgical residents in the conduct of a variety of cardiac surgical procedures in a low-volume cardiothoracic surgery unit of a typical developing country is described. The simulator can also be used to demonstrate the function of technology specific to cardiac surgical procedures in a way that previously has only been possible via the conduct of a procedure on a live animal or human being. METHODS: A porcine heart in a novel simulated operating theatre environment with real-time simulated haemodynamic monitoring and coronary blood flow, in arrested and beating-heart modes, is used as a training tool for surgical residents. RESULTS: Standard and beating-heart coronary arterial bypass, aortic valve replacement, aortic homograft replacement and pulmonary autograft procedures can be simulated with high degrees of realism and with the superimposition of adverse clinical scenarios requiring valid decision making and clinical judgments to be made by the trainees. CONCLUSIONS: The cardiac surgical simulation preparation described here would appear to be able to contribute positively to the training of residents in low-volume centres, as well as having the potential for application in other settings as a training tool or clinical skills assessment or accreditation device. Collaboration with larger centres is recommended in order to accurately assess the utility of this preparation as an adjunctive cardiothoracic surgical training aid.